<> Tomorrow's food holidays(s):
* 'National Bologna Day'. . There are many variations based on Italian
mortadella, a finely hashed/ground port sausage from Bologna, Italy.
- From Wikipedia (Bologna sausage):
'Bologna sausage, sometimes phonetically spelled baloney, boloney or
polony, known in Europe as a Lyoner, is a sausage derived from mortadella:
a similar-looking, finely ground pork sausage containing cubes of lard,
originally from the Italian city of Bologna. U.S. Government regulations
require American bologna to be finely ground and without visible pieces of
lard. Aside from pork, bologna can alternatively be made out of chicken,
turkey, beef, venison, combined or soy protein. Unlike the mortadella,
bologna is not an Italian product and several differences among process and
ingredients are seen. Typical seasoning for bologna includes black pepper,
nutmeg, allspice, celery seed, coriander, and like mortadella, myrtle
berries give it its distinctive flavor.
Polony is the name for a large sausage created from a mixture of beef and
pork that is popular in South Africa and was very popular in Britain.
Polony is now eaten less often. It can be stored for long periods,
sometimes many weeks. Polony is highly seasoned before being hot smoked. It
is then cooked in boiling water when required. In Australia polony means
Devon (sausage) and in New Zealand a polony is a bright pink-red
mini-sausage of mixed processed meats, essentially tiny versions of the
South African type'.
[The Hankster says] My favorite as a kid was the fried bologna on white bread with mustard sandwich. There was a art to frying the bologna. You had to make a knife cut from the middle to the edge to avoid a bologna igloo. Does anyone remember bowing to your friend and say ''Salami, Salami, bologna.
* 'National Food Day'. . During National Food Month. Focuses on eating
foods that are not loaded with sugar, salt and fats. Since 2011 by 'The
Center for Science in the Public Interest' (CSPI). The theme is 'Eat Real'.
[The Hankster says] Don't tell them about the processed meat sandwich mentioned above.
<> Other holidays / celebrations
* 'Take Back Your Time Day'.
The day focuses on the concept of 'time poverty'. The idea is to not
overwork/over schedule, etc and avoid a stressful life style.
[The Hankster says] We all will experience time poverty. It's called death.
<> Awareness / Observances:
o Health
* 'World Polio Day'. By Rotary International on the birthday of Jonas Salk,
developer of a polio vaccine.
- From Wikipedia (Poliomyelitis):
'Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious
disease caused by the poliovirus. In about 0.5% of cases there is muscle
weakness resulting in an inability to move. This can occur over a few hours
to few days. The weakness most often involves the legs but may less
commonly involve the muscles of the head, neck and diaphragm. Many but not
all people fully recover. In those with muscle weakness about 2% to 5% of
children and 15% to 30% of adults die. Another 25% of people have minor
symptoms such as fever and a sore throat and up to 5% have headache, neck
stiffness and pains in the arms and legs. These people are usually back to
normal within one or two weeks. In up to 70% of infections there are no
symptoms. Years after recovery post-polio syndrome may occur, with a slow
development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had during
the initial infection.
Poliovirus is usually spread from person to person through infected fecal
matter entering the mouth. It may also be spread by food or water
containing human feces and less commonly from infected saliva. Those who
are infected may spread the disease for up to six weeks even if no symptoms
are present. The disease may be diagnosed by finding the virus in the feces
or detecting antibodies against it in the blood. The disease only occurs
naturally in humans.
The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine however, a number of
doses are required for it to be effective. The US Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention recommends polio vaccination boosters for travelers
and those who live in countries where the disease is occurring. Once
infected there is no specific treatment. In 2015 polio affected less than
100 people, down from 350,000 cases in 1988. In 2014 the disease was only
spreading between people in Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan. In 2015
Nigeria had stopped the spread of wild poliovirus but it reoccurred in
2016.
Poliomyelitis has existed for thousands of years, with depictions of the
disease in ancient art. The disease was first recognized as a distinct
condition by Michael Underwood in 1789 and the virus that causes it was
first identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner. Major outbreaks started to
occur in the late 19th century in Europe and the United States. In the 20th
century it became one of the most worrying childhood diseases in these
areas. The first polio vaccine was developed in the 1950s by Jonas Salk. It
is hoped that vaccination efforts and early detection of cases will result
in global eradication of the disease by 2018'.
* 'Canadian Patient Safety Week'. October 24-28 in Canada.
- From Wikipedia (Patient safety):
'Patient safety is a new healthcare discipline that emphasizes the
preventing, reducing, reporting and analysis of medical error that often
leads to adverse healthcare events. The frequency and magnitude of
avoidable adverse patient events was not well known until the 1990s, when
multiple countries reported staggering numbers of patients harmed and
killed by medical errors. Recognizing that healthcare errors impact 1 in
every 10 patients around the world, the World Health Organization calls
patient safety an endemic concern. Indeed, patient safety has emerged as a
distinct healthcare discipline supported by an immature yet developing
scientific framework. There is a significant transdisciplinary body of
theoretical and research literature that informs the science of patient
safety. The resulting patient safety knowledge continually informs
improvement efforts such as: applying lessons learned from business and
industry, adopting innovative technologies, educating providers and
consumers, enhancing error reporting systems, and developing new economic
incentives'.
o Other:
* 'United Nations Day'. Anniversary of the 1945 UN Charter. See more in the
history section.
* 'World Development Information Day'. Since 1972, a UN resolution on
international cooperation in the area of development.
- From Wikipedia (World Development Information Day):
'In 1972, the United Nations General Assembly decided to institute a World
Development Information Day coinciding with United Nations Day on October
24. The General Assembly had the object of drawing the attention of world
public-opinion each year to development problems and the necessity of
strengthening international co-operation to solve them.
The day was further recognized as the date on which the International
Development Strategy for the Second Nations Development Decade was adopted
in 1970.
On May 17, 1972, the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
proposed measures for information dissemination and for the mobilization of
public opinion relative to trade and development problems. These became
known as resolution 3038 (XXVII), which the UN General Assembly passed on
December 19, 1972. This resolution called for introducing World Development
Information Day to help draw the attention of people worldwide to
development problems. A further aim of the event is to explain to the
general public why it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation
to find ways to solve these problems. The assembly also decided that the
day should coincide with United Nations Day to stress the central role of
development in the UN's work. World Development Information Day was first
held on October 24, 1973, and has been held on this date each year since
then.
In recent years many events have interpreted the title of the day slightly
differently. These have concentrated on the role that modern
information-technologies, such as the Internet and mobile telephones free
from digital divide can play in alerting people and finding solutions to
problems of trade and development. One of the specific aims of World
Development Information Day was to inform and motivate young people and
this change may help to further this aim'.
<> Historical events on October 24
* 'In 1836, Alonzo Dwight Phillips gets an American patent for the
phosphorus friction match. Early matches were pinewood impregnated with
sulfur which needed to be ignited by a flame. .
- From Wikipedia: 'Chemical matches were unable to make the leap into mass
production, due to the expense, their cumbersome nature and inherent
danger. An alternative method was to produce the ignition through friction
produced by rubbing two rough surfaces together. An early example was made
by François Derosne in 1816. His crude match was called a briquet
phosphorique and it used a sulfur-tipped match to scrape inside a tube
coated internally with phosphorus. It was both inconvenient and unsafe.
The first successful friction match was invented in 1826 by English chemist
John Walker, a chemist and druggist from Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham.
He developed a keen interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire
easily. Several chemical mixtures were already known which would ignite by
a sudden explosion, but it had not been found possible to transmit the
flame to a slow-burning substance like wood. While Walker was preparing a
lighting mixture on one occasion, a match which had been dipped in it took
fire by an accidental friction upon the hearth. He at once appreciated the
practical value of the discovery, and started making friction matches. They
consisted of wooden splints or sticks of cardboard coated with sulphur and
tipped with a mixture of sulphide of antimony, chlorate of potash, and gum,
the sulphur serving to communicate the flame to the wood.
The price of a box of 50 matches was one shilling. With each box was
supplied a piece of sandpaper, folded double, through which the match had
to be drawn to ignite it. He named the matches Congreves in honour of the
inventor and rocket pioneer, Sir William Congreve. He did not divulge the
exact composition of his matches. Between 1827 and 1829, Walker made about
168 sales of his matches. It was however dangerous and flaming balls
sometimes fell to the floor burning carpets and dresses, leading to their
ban in France and Germany. Walker either did not consider his invention
important enough to patent or neglected it. In order for the splints to
catch fire, they were often treated with sulfur and the odor was improved
by the addition of camphor.
In 1829, Scots inventor Sir Isaac Holden invented an improved version of
Walker's match and demonstrated it to his class at Castle Academy in
Reading, Berkshire. Holden did not patent his invention and claimed that
one of his pupils wrote to his father Samuel Jones, a chemist in London who
commercialised his process. A version of Holden's match was patented by
Samuel Jones, and these were sold as lucifer matches. These early matches
had a number of problems - an initial violent reaction, an unsteady flame
and unpleasant odor and fumes. Lucifers could ignite explosively, sometimes
throwing sparks a considerable distance. Lucifers were manufactured in the
United States by Ezekial Byam. The term lucifer persisted as slang in the
20th century (for example in the First World War song Pack Up Your
Troubles) and matches are still called lucifers (in Dutch) in the
Netherlands and Belgium.
Lucifers were however quickly replaced after 1830 by matches made according
to the process devised by Frenchman Charles Sauria who substituted the
antimony sulfide with white phosphorus. These new phosphorus matches had to
be kept in airtight metal boxes but became popular. In England, these
phosphorus matches were called Congreves after Sir William Congreve while
they went by the name of loco foco in the United States. The earliest
American patent for the phosphorus friction match was granted in 1836 to
Alonzo Dwight Phillips of Springfield, Massachusetts.
From 1830 to 1890, the composition of these matches remained largely
unchanged, although some improvements were made. In 1843 William Ashgard
replaced the sulfur with beeswax, reducing the pungency of the fumes. This
was replaced by paraffin in 1862 by Charles W. Smith, resulting in what
were called parlor matches From 1870 the end of the splint was fireproofed
by impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals such as alum, sodium
silicate, and other salts resulting in what was commonly called a
drunkard's match that prevented the accidental burning of the user's
fingers. Other advances were made for the mass manufacture of matches.
Early matches were made from blocks of woods with cuts separating the
splints but leaving their bases attached. Later versions were made in the
form of thin combs. The splints would be broken away from the comb when
required.
A noiseless match was invented in 1836 by the Hungarian János Irinyi, who
was a student of chemistry. An unsuccessful experiment by his professor,
Meissner, gave Irinyi the idea to replace potassium chlorate with lead
dioxide in the head of the phosphorus match. He liquefied phosphorus in
warm water and shook it in a glass vial, until it became granulated. He
mixed the phosphorus with lead and gum arabic, poured the paste-like mass
into a jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry.
When he tried them that evening, all of them lit evenly. Irinyi thus
invented the noiseless match. He sold the invention to István Rómer, a
match manufacturer. Rómer, a Hungarian pharmacist living in Vienna, bought
the invention and production rights from Irinyi for 60 forints (about 22.5
oz t of silver). Rómer became rich and Irinyi went on to publish articles
and a textbook on chemistry, and founded several match factories'.
* 'In 1861, The last segment of the first Transcontinental Telegraph line
across the United States is completed, spelling the end for the
18-month-old Pony Express.
- From Wikipedia: The first transcontinental telegraph (completed in 1861)
was a line that connected an existing network in the eastern United States
to a small network in California by a link between Omaha and Carson City
via Salt Lake City. It was a milestone in electrical engineering and in the
formation of the United States of America. It served as the only method of
near-instantaneous communication between the east and west coasts during
the 1860s. In 1841, it had taken 110 days for the news of the death of
President Harrison to reach Los Angeles.
'Construction of the first transcontinental telegraph was the work of
Western Union, which Hiram Sibley and Ezra Cornell had established in 1856
by merging companies operating east of the Mississippi River. A second
significant step was the passing of the Telegraph Act by the Congress in
1860, which authorized the government to open bids for the construction of
a telegraph line between Missouri and California and regulated the service
to be provided. Eventually, the only bidder would be Sibley, because all
competitors—Theodore Adams, Benjamin Ficklin and John Harmon—withdrew at
the last minute. Later they joined Sibley in his effort. Similar to the
First Transcontinental Railroad, elimination of the gap in the telegraph
service between Fort Kearny in Nebraska and Fort Churchill in Nevada was
planned to be divided between teams that would be advancing the
construction in opposite directions. James Gamble, an experienced telegraph
builder in California was put in charge of the western crew and Edward
Creighton was responsible for the eastern crew. From Salt Lake City, a crew
in charge of James Street advanced westward and W.H. Stebbins’s grew
eastward toward Fort Kearny. Creighton’s crew erected its first pole on 4
July 1861. When the project was completed in October 1861, they had planted
27,500 poles holding 2,000 miles of single-strand iron wire over a terrain
that was not always inviting. California Chief Justice Stephen Field sent
one of the first messages from San Francisco to Abraham Lincoln, using the
occasion to assure to the president the California allegiance to the Union.
Note that the construction took place while Civil War fighting was taking
place to the southeast. The entire cost of the system was half a million
dollars'.
* 'In 1882, Robert Koch discovers the germ that causes tuberculosis.
- From Wikipedia: 'Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch, 11 December 1843 – 27 May
1910, was a celebrated German physician and pioneering microbiologist. As
the founder of modern bacteriology, he is known for his role in identifying
the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and for
giving experimental support for the concept of infectious disease. In
addition to his trail-blazing studies on these diseases, Koch created and
improved laboratory technologies and techniques in the field of
microbiology, and made key discoveries in public health. His research led
to the creation of Koch’s postulates, a series of four generalized
principles linking specific microorganisms to specific diseases that remain
today the gold standard in medical microbiology. As a result of his
groundbreaking research on tuberculosis, Koch received the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine in 1905.
During his time as the government advisor with the Imperial Department of
Health in Berlin in the 1880s, Robert Koch became interested in
tuberculosis research. At the time, it was widely believed that
tuberculosis was an inherited disease. However, Koch was convinced that the
disease was caused by a bacterium and was infectious, and tested his four
postulates using guinea pigs. Through these experiments, he found that his
experiments with tuberculosis satisfied all four of his postulates. In
1882, he published his findings on tuberculosis, in which he reported the
causative agent of the disease to be the slow-growing Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. His work with this disease won Koch the Nobel Prize in
Physiology and Medicine in 1905. Additionally, Koch's research on
tuberculosis, along with his studies on tropical diseases, won him the
Prussian Order Pour le Merite in 1906 and the Robert Koch medal,
established to honour the greatest living physicians, in 1908''.
* 'In 1901, Annie Edson Taylor, on her 63rd birthday, becomes the first
person to go over Niagara Falls, in a barrel and survive. .
- From Wikipedia: 'Annie Edson Taylor (October 24, 1838 – April 29, 1921)
was an American adventurer who, on her birthday, October 24, 1901, became
the first person to survive a trip over Niagara Falls in a barrel.
Desiring to secure her later years financially, and avoid the poorhouse,
she decided she would be the first person to ride over Niagara Falls in a
barrel. Taylor used a custom-made barrel for her trip, constructed of oak
and iron and padded with a mattress. Several delays occurred in the
launching of the barrel, particularly because no one wanted to be part of a
potential suicide. Two days before Taylor's own attempt, a domestic cat was
sent over the Horseshoe Falls in her barrel to test its strength to see if
the barrel would break or not. Contrary to rumors at the time, the cat
survived the plunge and 17 minutes later, after she was found with a
bleeding head, posed with Taylor in photographs.
On October 24, 1901, her 63rd birthday, the barrel was put over the side of
a rowboat, and Taylor climbed in, along with her lucky heart-shaped pillow.
After screwing down the lid, friends used a bicycle tire pump to compress
the air in the barrel. The hole used for this was plugged with a cork, and
Taylor was set adrift near the American shore, south of Goat Island. The
Niagara River currents carried the barrel over the Canadian Horseshoe
Falls, which has since been the site for all daredevil stunting at Niagara
Falls. Rescuers reached her barrel shortly after the plunge. Taylor was
discovered to be alive and relatively uninjured, except for a small gash on
her head. The trip itself took less than twenty minutes, but it was some
time before the barrel was actually opened. After the journey, Annie Taylor
told the press:
If it was with my dying breath, I would caution anyone against attempting
the feat…. I would sooner walk up to the mouth of a cannon, knowing it was
going to blow me to pieces than make another trip over the Fall'.
* 'In 1908, The song 'Take Me Out to the Ball Game', by Bill Murray, hits
the charts. .
- From Wikipedia: 'Take Me Out to the Ball Game is a 1908 Tin Pan Alley
song by Jack Norworth and Albert Von Tilzer which has become the unofficial
anthem of North American baseball, although neither of its authors had
attended a game prior to writing the song. The song's chorus is
traditionally sung during the middle of the seventh inning of a baseball
game. Fans are generally encouraged to sing along, and at some ballparks,
the words home team are replaced with the team name.
Jack Norworth, while riding a subway train, was inspired by a sign that
said Baseball Today – Polo Grounds In the song, Katie's (and later Nelly's)
beau calls to ask her out to see a show. She accepts the date, but only if
her date will take her out to the baseball game. The words were set to
music by Albert Von Tilzer. (Norworth and Von Tilzer finally saw their
first Major League Baseball games 32 and 20 years later, respectively.) The
song was first sung by Norworth's then-wife Nora Bayes and popularized by
many other vaudeville acts. It was played at a ballpark for the first known
time in 1934, at a high-school game in Los Angeles it was played later that
year during the fourth game of the 1934 World Series.
Norworth wrote an alternative version of the song in 1927. (Norworth and
Bayes were famous for writing and performing such smash hits as Shine On,
Harvest Moon) With the sale of so many records, sheet music, and piano
rolls, the song became one of the most popular hits of 1908. The Haydn
Quartet singing group, led by popular tenor Harry MacDonough, recorded a
successful version on Victor Records.
The most famous recording of the song was credited to Billy Murray and the
Haydn Quartet, even though Murray did not sing on it. The confusion,
nonetheless, is so pervasive that, when Take Me Out to the Ball Game was
selected by the National Endowment for the Arts and the Recording Industry
Association of America as one of the 365 top Songs of the Century, the song
was credited to Billy Murray, implying his recording of it as having
received the most votes among songs from the first decade. The first
recorded version was by Edward Meeker. Meeker's recording was selected by
the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording
Registry, which selects recordings annually that are culturally,
historically, or aesthetically significant'.
* 'In 1929, The great Wall Street Crash begins - with Black Thursday
setting off a chain of events which would lead to the Great Depression.
- From Wikipedia: 'The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black
Tuesday (October 29), the Great Crash, or the Stock Market Crash of 1929,
began on October 24, 1929 (Black Thursday), and was the most devastating
stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into
consideration the full extent and duration of its aftereffects. The crash
signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all
Western industrialized countries.
Selling intensified in mid October. On October 24 (Black Thursday), the
market lost 11 percent of its value at the opening bell on very heavy
trading. The huge volume meant that the report of prices on the ticker tape
in brokerage offices around the nation was hours late, so investors had no
idea what most stocks were actually trading for at that moment, increasing
panic. Several leading Wall Street bankers met to find a solution to the
panic and chaos on the trading floor. The meeting included Thomas W.
Lamont, acting head of Morgan Bank Albert Wiggin, head of the Chase
National Bank and Charles E. Mitchell, president of the National City Bank
of New York. They chose Richard Whitney, vice president of the Exchange, to
act on their behalf.
The Roaring Twenties, the decade that followed World War I and led to the
Crash, was a time of wealth and excess. Building on post-war optimism,
rural Americans migrated to the cities in vast numbers throughout the
decade with the hopes of finding a more prosperous life in the ever growing
expansion of America's industrial sector. While the American cities
prospered, the overproduction of agricultural produce created widespread
financial despair among American farmers throughout the decade. This would
later be blamed as one of the key factors that led to the 1929 stock market
crash.
Despite the dangers of speculation, many believed that the stock market
would continue to rise forever. On March 25, 1929, after the Federal
Reserve warned of excessive speculation, a mini crash occurred as investors
started to sell stocks at a rapid pace, exposing the market's shaky
foundation. Two days later, banker Charles E. Mitchell announced his
company the National City Bank would provide $25 million in credit to stop
the market's slide. Mitchell's move brought a temporary halt to the
financial crisis and call money declined from 20 to 8 percent. However, the
American economy showed ominous signs of trouble: steel production
declined, construction was sluggish, automobile sales went down, and
consumers were building up high debts because of easy credit. Despite all
these economic trouble signs and the market breaks in March and May 1929,
stocks resumed their advance in June and the gains continued almost
unabated until early September 1929 (the Dow Jones average gained more than
20% between June and September). The market had been on a nine-year run
that saw the Dow Jones Industrial Average increase in value tenfold,
peaking at 381.17 on September 3, 1929. Shortly before the crash, economist
Irving Fisher famously proclaimed, Stock prices have reached what looks
like a permanently high plateau. The optimism and financial gains of the
great bull market were shaken after a well publicized early September
prediction from financial expert Roger Babson that a crash was coming The
initial September decline was thus called the Babson Break in the press.
This was the start of the Great Crash, although until the severe phase of
the crash in October, many investors regarded the September Babson Break as
a healthy correction and buying opportunity.
On September 20, the London Stock Exchange crashed when top British
investor Clarence Hatry and many of his associates were jailed for fraud
and forgery. The London crash greatly weakened the optimism of American
investment in markets overseas. In the days leading up to the crash, the
market was severely unstable. Periods of selling and high volumes were
interspersed with brief periods of rising prices and recovery.
With the bankers' financial resources behind him, Whitney placed a bid to
purchase a large block of shares in U.S. Steel at a price well above the
current market. As traders watched, Whitney then placed similar bids on
other blue chip stocks. This tactic was similar to one that ended the Panic
of 1907. It succeeded in halting the slide. The Dow Jones Industrial
Average recovered, closing with it down only 6.38 points for the day. The
rally continued on Friday, October 25, and the half day session on Saturday
the 26th but, unlike 1907, the respite was only temporary'.
* 'In 1929, The radio show 'Fleishmann (Yeast) Hour', with Ruby Vallee,
premiers.
- From Wikipedia: 'The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour (also known as The Rudy
Vallée Show, The Fleischmann Yeast Hour, and The Fleischmann Hour) was a
pioneering musical variety radio program broadcast on NBC from 1929 to
1936, when it became The Royal Gelatin Hour, continuing until 1939. This
program was sponsored by Fleischmann’s Yeast, a popular brand of yeast.
The person responsible for this major step ahead in broadcasting was NBC
executive Bertha Brainard, who became head of programming for NBC in 1928.
She began pushing for singer-bandleader Rudy Vallée to host a variety
series by explaining that only a woman could understand the appeal of
Vallée's voice'.
* 'In 1939, Nylon stockings go on sale for the first time with sales of to
4 million a day.
- From Wikipedia: 'Historically, even though the word sock is at least as
ancient in origin, what men normally wore were often referred to as
stockings, probably especially when referring to longer hose. The word
stock used to refer to the bottom stump part of the body, and by analogy
the word was used to refer to the one-piece covering of the lower trunk and
limbs of the 15th century—essentially tights consisting of the upper-stocks
(later to be worn separately as knee breeches) and nether-stocks (later to
be worn separately as stockings).
Before the 1590s, stockings were made of woven cloth. The first knitting
machines were for making stockings. The stockings themselves were made of
cotton, linen, wool or silk. A polished cotton called lisle was common, as
were those made in the town of Balbriggan.
Before the 1920s, stockings, if worn, were worn for warmth. In the 1920s,
as hemlines of dresses rose, women began to wear stockings to cover their
exposed legs. Those stockings were sheer, first made of silk or rayon (then
known as artificial silk) and after 1940 of nylon.
The introduction of nylon in 1939 by chemical company DuPont began a high
demand for stockings in the United States with up to 4 million pairs being
purchased in one day. Nylon stockings were cheap, durable, and sheer
compared to their cotton and silk counterparts. When America entered World
War II, DuPont ceased production of nylon stockings and retooled their
factories to produce parachutes, airplane cords, and rope. This led to a
shortage and the creation of a black market for stockings. At the end of
the war DuPont announced that the company would return to producing
stockings, but could not meet demand. This led to a series of disturbances
in American stores known as the nylon riots until DuPont was able to ramp
up production.
A precursor of pantyhose made an appearance in the 1940s and 1950s, when
film and theater productions had stockings sewn to the briefs of actresses
and dancers, according to actress-dancer Ann Miller and seen in popular
films such as Daddy Long Legs. Today, stockings are commonly made using
knitted wool, silk, cotton or nylon. The introduction of commercial
pantyhose in 1959 gave an alternative to stockings, and the use of
stockings declined dramatically. A main reason for this was the trend
towards higher hemlines on dresses. In 1970, U.S. sales of pantyhose
exceeded stockings for the first time, and has remained this way ever
since. Beginning in 1987, sales of pantyhose started a slight decline due
to the newly invented hold-ups, but still remain the most sold kind of
hosiery'.
* 'In 1940, In the U.S., the 40-hour workweek went into effect under the
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. The act also established a national
minimum wage, guaranteed 'time-and-a-half' for overtime in certain jobs,
and prohibited most employment of minors in 'oppressive child labor'.
- From Wikipedia: 'The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (abbreviated as
FLSA also referred to as the Wages and Hours Bill) is a federal statute of
the United States. The FLSA introduced the forty-hour work week,
established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time-and-a-half for
overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in
oppressive child labor, a term that is defined in the statute. It applies
to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by an enterprise
engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the
employer can claim an exemption from coverage.
The FLSA was originally drafted in 1932 by Senator Hugo Black, who was
later appointed to the Supreme Court in 1937. However, Black's proposal to
require employers to adopt a thirty-hour workweek met stiff resistance. In
1938 a revised version of Black's proposal was passed that adopted an
eight-hour day and a forty-hour workweek and allowed workers to earn wage
for an extra four hours of overtime as well. According to the act, workers
must be paid minimum wage and overtime pay must be one-and-a-half times
regular pay. Children under eighteen cannot do certain dangerous jobs, and
children under the age of sixteen cannot work during school hours. The FLSA
affected 700,000 workers, and President Franklin Roosevelt called it the
most important piece of New Deal legislation since the Social Security Act
of 1935'.
* 'In 1945, The United Nations is founded. .
- From Wikipedia: 'The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental
organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the
ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24
October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict.
At its founding, the UN had 51 member states there are now 193. The
headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and
experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in
Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and
voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include
maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights,
fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and
providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed
conflict.
The United Nations Charter was drafted at a conference in April–June 1945
this charter took effect 24 October 1945, and the UN began operation. The
UN's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades
by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective
allies. The organization participated in major actions in Korea and the
Congo, as well as approving the creation of the state of Israel in 1947.
The organization's membership grew significantly following widespread
decolonization in the 1960s, and by the 1970s its budget for economic and
social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping.
After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military and
peacekeeping missions across the world with varying degrees of success.
The UN has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main
deliberative assembly) the Security Council (for deciding certain
resolutions for peace and security) the Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC) (for promoting international economic and social co-operation and
development) the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and
facilities needed by the UN) the International Court of Justice (the
primary judicial organ) and the United Nations Trusteeship Council
(inactive since 1994). UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the
World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF.
The UN's most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by
South Korean Ban Ki-moon since 2007. Non-governmental organizations may be
granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate
in the UN's work.
The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its
officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations
of the UN's effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the
organization to be an important force for peace and human development,
while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased'.
* 'In 1946, A camera on board a US V-2 rocket (captured from Germany) takes
the first photograph of earth from space. .
- From Wikipedia: 'The White Sands rocket (official name V-2 No. 13) was
the first man-made object to take a photograph of the Earth from outer
space. Launched on October 24, 1946, at the White Sands Missile Range in
White Sands, New Mexico, the rocket reached a maximum altitude of 65 miles
(104.6 km).
The famous photograph was taken with an attached DeVry 35 mm
black-and-white camera'.
* 'In 1998, The launch of Deep Space 1 comet/asteroid mission.
- From Wikipedia: 'Deep Space 1 (DS1) is a spacecraft of the NASA New
Millennium Program dedicated to testing a payload of advanced technologies.
Launched on 24 October 1998, the Deep Space mission carried out a flyby of
asteroid 9969 Braille, which was selected as the mission's science target.
Its mission was extended twice to include an encounter with Comet Borrelly
and further engineering testing. Problems during its initial stages and
with its star tracker led to repeated changes in mission configuration.
While the flyby of the asteroid was a partial success, the encounter with
the comet retrieved valuable information. Three of twelve technologies on
board had to work within a few minutes of separation from the carrier
rocket for the mission to continue.
The Deep Space series was continued by the Deep Space 2 probes, which were
launched in January 1999 piggybacked on the Mars Polar Lander and were
intended to strike the surface of Mars (though contact was lost and the
mission failed). Deep Space 1 was the first NASA spacecraft to use
ion-powered rocketry, in contrast to the traditional chemical-powered
rockets'.
No. 1 song
Top movie
Monthly holiday / awareness days in October
Food
American Cheese Month
Apple Month
Corn Month
Go Hog Wild - Eat Country Ham
National Bake and Decorate Month
National Caramel Month
National Cookbook Month
National Popcorn Poppin' Month
National Pork Month
Pizza Month
Sausage Month
Spinach Lovers Month
Vegetarian Month
Health
AIDS Awareness Month
American Pharmacists Month
Antidepressant Death Awareness Month
Breast Cancer Awareness Month
Bullying Prevention Month
World Blindness Awareness Month
Caffeine Addiction Recovery Month
Celiac Disease Awareness Month
Christmas Seal Campaign
Domestic Violence Awareness Month
Down Syndrome Awareness Month
Dyslexia Awareness Month
Emotional Intelligence Awareness Month
Emotional Wellness Month
Eye Injury Prevention Month
Global ADHD Awareness Month
Global Diversity Awareness Month
Health Literacy Month
Home Eye Safety Month
Long Term Care Planning Month
National AIDS Awareness Month
National Audiology/Protect Your Hearing Month
National Critical Illness Awareness Month
National Bullying Prevention Awareness Month
National Dental Hygiene Month
National Disability Employment Awareness Month
National Depression Education and Awareness Month
National Disability Employment Awareness Month
National Domestic Violence Awareness Month
National Down Syndrome Month
National Liver Awareness Month
National Medical Librarian Month
National Medicine Abuse Awareness Month
National Orthodontic Health Month
National Physical Therapy Month
National Protect Your Hearing Month
National Pregnancy and Infant Loss Awareness Month
National Spina Bifida Awareness Month
National Stop Bullying Month
National Substance Abuse Prevention Month
Rett Syndrome Awareness Month
Organize Your Medical Information Month
Talk About Prescriptions Month
World Menopause Month
Animal and Pet
Adopt A Dog Month
Adopt A Shelter Dog Month
Bat Appreciation Month
National Animal Safety and Protection Month
Wishbones for Pets Month
Other
Celebrating The Bilingual Child Month
Children's Magazine Month
Class Reunion Month
Country Music Month
Employee Ownership Month
Energy Management is a Family Affair
Fair Trade Month
Financial Planning Month
German-American Heritage Month
Halloween Safety Month
Head Start Awareness Month
Italian-American Heritage Month
International Strategic Planning Month
International Walk To School Month
Intergeneration Month
Learn To Bowl Month
National Arts and Humanities Month
National Chili Month
National Crime Prevention Month
National Cyber Security Awareness Month
National Ergonomics Month
National Field Trip Month
National Kitchen and Bath Month
National Reading Group Month
National Roller Skating Month
National Stamp Collecting Month
National Work and Family Month
Photographer Appreciation Month
Polish American Heritage Month
Self-Promotion Month
October is:
October origin (from Wikipedia): October is the tenth month of the year
in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with a
length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old Roman calendar, October
retained its name (from the Greek meaning 'eight') after January
and February were inserted into the calendar that had originally been
created by the Romans.
"
October is commonly associated with the season of autumn in the Northern
hemisphere and spring in the Southern hemisphere, where it is the seasonal
equivalent to April in the Northern hemisphere and vice versa.
October at Wikipedia: More
If you couldn't afford 90 cents for a movie ticket, 50 years ago,
or your 45 RPM record player was broke, you might watch one of these shows on TV.
From this Wikipedia article: More
Best selling books of 1966 More
Sites for downloading or reading free Public Domain eBooks. Available in various formats. More