<> Tomorrow's food holidays(s):
* 'National S’mores Day'. . By the National Confectioners Association. A
Graham cracker sandwich with campfire roasted marshmallow and a chocolate
bar between. Not invented by the Girl Scouts, but appeared first published
in ' Tramping and Trailing with the Girl Scouts' in 1927.
- From Wikipedia (S'more):
'A s'more (sometimes spelled smore) is a traditional nighttime campfire
treat popular in the United States and Canada, consisting of a fire-roasted
marshmallow and a layer of chocolate sandwiched between two pieces of
graham cracker. National S'mores Day is celebrated annually on August 10.
The Guinness World Record for number of people making s'mores at one time
was 423, set April 21, 2016 in Huntington Beach, California.
S'more is a contraction of the phrase some more Although the exact origin
of the treat is unclear, reports about scouts from as early as 1925
describe them. One early published recipe for a s'more is found in a book
of recipes published by the Campfire Marshmallows company in the 1920s
where it was called a Graham Cracker Sandwich. The text indicates that the
treat was already popular with both Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts. In 1927, a
recipe for Some More was published in Tramping and Trailing with the Girl
Scouts. The contracted term s'more appears in conjunction with the recipe
in a 1938 publication aimed at summer camps. A 1956 recipe uses the name
S'Mores, and lists the ingredients as a sandwich of two graham crackers,
toasted marshmallow and 1/2 chocolate bar A 1957 Betty Crocker cookbook
contains a similar recipe under the name of s'mores. The 1958 publication
Intramural and Recreational Sports for High School and College makes
reference to marshmallow toasts and s'more hikes as does its related
predecessor, the Intramural and Recreational Sports for Men and Women
published in 1949.as the s'more is great before and after exercise snack.
In the 1993 movie, The Sandlot, Hamilton 'Ham' Porter explains to Scotty
'Smalls' Smalls how to make a s'more out of grahams, mallows, and
chocolates.
S'mores are most typically cooked over a campfire by first roasting the
marshmallow over the flame until it is golden brown. The marshmallow is
then added on top of half of a graham cracker and a piece of chocolate. The
second half of the cracker is then added on top'.
[The Hankster says] The name says it all.
<> Other holidays / celebrations
* 'National Lazy Day'.
[The Hankster says] Well, as for holidays on this day, we have come up a little short. But, (yes I know you should not begin a sentence with, but) just like the dessert above, this day has no ambiguities. Getting Her Done, should not be much of a chore.
<> Awareness / Observances:
o Other:
* 'International Biodiesel Day'. On the anniversary of Biodiesel's first
engine on August 10 1893, which ran on peanut oil..
- From Wikipedia (Biodiesel):
'Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil - or animal fat-based diesel fuel
consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or propyl) esters. Biodiesel
is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil,
soybean oil, animal fat (tallow)) with an alcohol producing fatty acid
esters.
Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus
distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel
engines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petrodiesel in any
proportions. Biodiesel blends can also be used as heating oil.
The National Biodiesel Board (USA) also has a technical definition of
biodiesel as a mono-alkyl ester.
Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853 by
Patrick Duffy, four decades before the first diesel engine became
functional. Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single 10 ft (3.0 m) iron
cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first
time in Augsburg, Germany, on 10 August 1893 running on nothing but peanut
oil. In remembrance of this event, 10 August has been declared
International Biodiesel Day'.
* 'Skyscraper Appreciation Day'. Celebrates William Van Alen's birthday. He
was the primary architect of the the Chrysler Building,
- From Wikipedia ():
'William Van Alen (August 10, 1883 – May 24, 1954) was an American
architect, best known as the architect in charge of designing New York
City's Chrysler Building (1929–30)
In the late 1920s, Severance and Van Alen found themselves engaged in
designing buildings that were heralded in the press to become the tallest
buildings in the world: Severance, the Manhattan Trust Building 40 Wall
Street and Van Alen, the Chrysler Building. At 1046 feet, Van Alen's
building won. However, both buildings were surpassed in height by the
Empire State Building in 1931.
The completion of the Chrysler Building was received by critics with mixed
reactions. Van Alen was hailed as a Doctor of Altitude and as the Ziegfeld
of his profession. However, the building itself was described by some
critics as just flash which embodies no compelling, organic idea and which
was distinctly a stunt design, evolved to make the man in the street look
up but having no significance as serious design. Nevertheless, the Chrysler
Building remains a beloved New York City landmark structure.
Van Alen had failed to enter into a contract with Walter Chrysler when he
received the Chrysler Building commission. After the building was
completed, Van Alen requested payment of 6 percent of the building's
construction budget ($14 million), a figure that was the standard fee of
the time. After Chrysler refused payment, Van Alen sued him and won,
eventually receiving the fee. The lawsuit significantly depreciated his
reputation as an employable architect. His career effectively ruined by
this and further depressed by the Great Depression, Van Alen focused his
attention on teaching sculpture'.
<> Historical events on August 10
* 'In 1519,- Ferdinand Magellan sets sail from Seville, Spain, to
circumnavigate the globe, with five ships.
- From Wikipedia: 'Ferdinand Magellan c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a
Portuguese explorer who organised the Castilian (Spanish) expedition to the
East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of
the Earth.
Born into a wealthy Portuguese family in around 1480, Magellan became a
skilled sailor and naval officer and was eventually selected by King
Charles I of Spain to search for a westward route to the Maluku Islands
(the Spice Islands). Commanding a fleet of five vessels, he headed south
through the Atlantic Ocean to Patagonia, passing through the Strait of
Magellan into a body of water he named the peaceful sea (the modern Pacific
Ocean). Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition reached the
Spice Islands in 1521 and returned home via the Indian Ocean to complete
the first circuit of the globe. Magellan did not complete the entire
voyage, as he was killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines in
1521'.
* 'In 1821, Missouri is accepted as the 24th state of the U.S. .
- From Wikipedia: 'Missouri is a state located in the Midwestern United
States. It is the 21st most extensive, and the 18th most populous of the
fifty states. The state comprises 114 counties and the independent city of
St. Louis.
The state's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was
acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as
the Missouri Territory. Part of this territory was admitted into the union
as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies
in dissected till plains and the southern portion lies in the Ozark
Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the
regions. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of
the United States, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri
Rivers near St. Louis, and the confluence of the Ohio River with the
Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points for the Pony
Express, Santa Fe Trail, and Oregon Trail were all located in Missouri as
well'.
* 'In 1846, The Smithsonian Institution is chartered by the United States
Congress after James Smithson donates $500,000. .
- From Wikipedia: 'The Smithsonian Institution, established in 1846 for the
increase and diffusion of knowledge, is a group of museums and research
centers administered by the Government of the United States. Originally
organized as the United States National Museum, that name ceased to exist
as an administrative entity in 1967. Termed the nation's attic for its
eclectic holdings of 138 million items, the Institution's nineteen museums,
nine research centers, and zoo include historical and architectural
landmarks, mostly located in the District of Columbia. Additional
facilities are located in Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York City,
Virginia, and Panama. A further 170 museums are Smithsonian Affiliates. The
Institution's thirty million annual visitors are admitted without charge.
Funding comes from the Institution's endowment, private and corporate
contributions, membership dues, government support, as well as retail,
concession, and licensing revenues. Institution publications include
Smithsonian and Air and Space magazines.
British scientist James Smithson (d. 1829) left most of his wealth to his
nephew Henry James Hungerford. When Hungerford died childless in 1835, the
estate passed to the United States of America, to found at Washington,
under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the
increase and diffusion of knowledge among men, in accordance with
Smithson's will. Congress officially accepted the legacy bequeathed to the
nation, and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust
on July 1, 1836. The American diplomat Richard Rush was dispatched to
England by President Andrew Jackson to collect the bequest. Rush returned
in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 gold sovereigns (about
$500,000 at the time, which is equivalent to $11,111,000 in 2015). Once the
money was in hand, eight years of Congressional haggling ensued over how to
interpret Smithson's rather vague mandate for the increase and diffusion of
knowledge. Unfortunately, the money was invested by the US Treasury in
bonds issued by the state of Arkansas which soon defaulted. After heated
debate, Massachusetts Representative (and ex-President) John Quincy Adams
persuaded Congress to restore the lost funds with interest and, despite
designs on the money for other purposes, convinced his colleagues to
preserve it for an institution of science and learning. Finally, on August
10, 1846, President James K. Polk signed the legislation that established
the Smithsonian Institution as a trust instrumentality of the United
States, to be administered by a Board of Regents and a Secretary of the
Smithsonian'.
* 'In 1893, Rudolf Diesel's prime model internal combustion engine, a
single 10-foot iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own
power for the first time in Augsburg, Germany.
- From Wikipedia: 'In 1885, the English inventor Herbert Akroyd Stuart
began investigating the possibility of using paraffin oil (very similar to
modern-day diesel) for an engine, which unlike petrol would be difficult to
vaporise in a carburettor as its volatility is not sufficient to allow
this.
His hot bulb engines, first prototyped in 1886 and built from 1891 by
Richard Hornsby and Sons, used a pressurised fuel injection system. The
Hornsby-Akroyd engine used a comparatively low compression ratio, so that
the temperature of the air compressed in the combustion chamber at the end
of the compression stroke was not high enough to initiate combustion.
Combustion instead took place in a separated combustion chamber, the
vaporizer or hot bulb mounted on the cylinder head, into which fuel was
sprayed. Self-ignition occurred from contact between the fuel-air mixture
and the hot walls of the vaporizer. As the engine's load increased, so did
the temperature of the bulb, causing the ignition period to advance to
counteract pre-ignition, water was dripped into the air intake.
The modern Diesel engine incorporates the features of direct (airless)
injection and compression-ignition. Both ideas were patented by Akroyd
Stuart and Charles Richard Binney in May 1890. Another patent was taken out
on 8 October 1890, detailing the working of a complete engine—essentially
that of a diesel engine—where air and fuel are introduced separately. The
difference between the Akroyd engine and the modern Diesel engine was the
requirement to supply extra heat to the cylinder to start the engine from
cold. By 1892, Akroyd Stuart had produced an updated version of the engine
that no longer required the additional heat source, a year before Diesel's
engine.
In 1892, Akroyd Stuart patented a water-jacketed vaporiser to allow
compression ratios to be increased. In the same year, Thomas Henry Barton
at Hornsbys built a working high-compression version for experimental
purposes, whereby the vaporiser was replaced with a cylinder head,
therefore not relying on air being preheated, but by combustion through
higher compression ratios. It ran for six hours—the first time automatic
ignition was produced by compression alone. This was five years before
Rudolf Diesel built his well-known high-compression prototype engine in
1897.
Rudolf Diesel was, however, subsequently credited with the compression
ignition engine innovation, despite Akroyd-Stuart’s engine being patented
two years earlier. The higher compression and thermal efficiency is what
distinguishes Diesel's patent, of 3,500 kilopascals (508 psi), from
Ackroyd-Stuart's hot bulb compression ignition engine patent, of about 600
kilopascals (87 psi). Diesel improved his engine further, whereas Akroyd
Stuart stopped development on his engine in 1893.
In 1892 Diesel
received patents in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United
States for Method of and Apparatus for Converting Heat into Work In 1893 he
described a slow-combustion engine that first compressed air thereby
raising its temperature above the igniting-point of the fuel, then
gradually introducing fuel while letting the mixture expand against
resistance sufficiently to prevent an essential increase of temperature and
pressure, then cutting off fuel and expanding without transfer of heat In
1894 and 1895 he filed patents and addenda in various countries for his
Diesel engine the first patents were issued in Spain (No. 16,654), France
(No. 243,531) and Belgium (No. 113,139) in December 1894, and in Germany
(No. 86,633) in 1895 and the United States (No. 608,845) in 1898. He
operated his first successful engine in 1897.
At Augsburg, on August 10, 1893, Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single
10-foot (3.0 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own
power for the first time. Diesel spent two more years making improvements
and in 1896 demonstrated another model with a theoretical efficiency of
75%, in contrast to the 10% efficiency of the steam engine. By 1898, Diesel
had become a millionaire. His engines were used to power pipelines,
electric and water plants, automobiles and trucks, and marine craft. They
were soon to be used in mines, oil fields, factories, and transoceanic
shipping.
It is often reported that Diesel designed his engine to run on peanut oil,
but this is false. Patent number 608845 describes his engine as being
designed to run on pulverulent solid fuel (coal dust). Diesel stated in his
published papers, at the Paris Exhibition in 1900 (Exposition Universelle)
there was shown by the Otto Company a small diesel engine, which, at the
request of the French Government ran on Arachide (earth-nut or peanut) oil
(see biodiesel), and worked so smoothly that only a few people were aware
of it. The engine was constructed for using mineral oil, and was then
worked on vegetable oil without any alterations being made. The French
Government at the time thought of testing the applicability to power
production of the Arachide, or earth-nut, which grows in considerable
quantities in their African colonies, and can easily be cultivated there.
Diesel himself later conducted related tests and appeared supportive of the
idea'.
* 'In 1945, The day after the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan announced
they would surrender. The only condition was that the status of Emperor
Hirohito would remain unchanged. .
- From Wikipedia: 'The full cabinet met on 14:30 on August 9, and spent
most of the day debating surrender. As the Big Six had done, the cabinet
split, with neither Togo's position nor Anami's attracting a majority.
Anami told the other cabinet ministers that, under torture, a captured
American P-51 fighter pilot had told his interrogators that the United
States possessed 100 atom bombs and that Tokyo and Kyoto would be bombed in
the next few days The pilot, Marcus McDilda, was lying. He knew nothing of
the Manhattan Project and simply told his interrogators what he thought
they wanted to hear to end the torture. The lie, which caused him to be
classified as a high-priority prisoner, probably saved him from beheading.
In reality, the United States would have had the third bomb ready for use
around August 19, and a fourth in September 1945. The third bomb probably
would have been used against Tokyo.
The cabinet meeting adjourned at 17:30 with no consensus. A second meeting
lasting from 18:00 to 22:00 also ended with no consensus. Following this
second meeting, Suzuki and Togo met the Emperor, and Suzuki proposed an
impromptu Imperial conference, which started just before midnight on the
night of August 9–10. Suzuki presented Anami's four-condition proposal as
the consensus position of the Supreme Council. The other members of the
Supreme Council spoke, as did Kiichiro Hiranuma, the president of the Privy
Council, who outlined Japan's inability to defend itself and also described
the country's domestic problems, such as the shortage of food. The cabinet
debated, but again no consensus emerged. At around 02:00 (August 10),
Suzuki finally addressed Emperor Hirohito, asking him to decide between the
two positions.
According to General Sumihisa Ikeda and Admiral Zenshiro Hoshina, Privy
Council President Kiichiro Hiranuma then turned to the Emperor and asked
him: Your majesty, you also bear responsibility (sekinin) for this defeat.
What apology are you going to make to the heroic spirits of the imperial
founder of your house and your other imperial ancestors?
Once the Emperor had left, Suzuki pushed the cabinet to accept the
Emperor's will, which it did. Early that morning (August 10), the Foreign
Ministry sent telegrams to the Allies (by way of the Swiss Federal
Political Department and Max Grässli in particular) announcing that Japan
would accept the Potsdam Declaration, but would not accept any peace
conditions that would prejudice the prerogatives of the Emperor. That
effectively meant no change in Japan's form of government—that the Emperor
of Japan would remain a position of real power'.
* 'In 1948, Candid Camera makes its television debut after being on radio
for a year as Candid Microphone. .
- From Wikipedia: 'Candid Camera is an American hidden camera/practical
joke reality television series created and produced by Allen Funt, which
initially began on radio as The Candid Microphone June 28, 1947. After a
series of theatrical film shorts, also titled Candid Microphone, Funt's
concept came to television on August 10, 1948, and continued into the
1970s. Aside from occasional specials in the 1980s and 1990s, the show was
off air until making a comeback on CBS in 1996, before moving to PAX in
2001. This incarnation of the weekly series ended on May 5, 2004,
concurrent with the selling of the PAX network itself. Beginning on August
11, 2014, the show returned in a new series with hour-long episodes on TV
Land.
The format has appeared on U.S. TV networks and in syndication (first-run)
in each succeeding decade, as either a regular show or a series of
specials. Allen Funt hosted or co-hosted all versions of the show until he
became too ill to continue. His son Peter Funt, who had co-hosted the
specials with his father since 1987, became the producer and host'.
* 'In 1948,- ABC enters network TV at 7 PM (WJZ, NY) .
- From Wikipedia: 'The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly. The
network's acquisition of Detroit radio station WXYZ from KingTrendle
Broadcasting in 1946 for a little less than $3 million (and which remained
under ABC ownership until 1984), allowed it to acquire several radio
serials, including The Lone Ranger, Sergeant Preston, and The Green Hornet,
which had originated on that station.
ABC became an aggressive competitor to NBC and CBS when, continuing NBC
Blue's traditions of public service, it aired symphony performances
conducted by Paul Whiteman, performances from the Metropolitan Opera, and
jazz concerts aired as part of its broadcast of The Chamber Music Society
of Lower Basin Street announced by Milton Cross. The network also became
known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and
Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs.
However, ABC made a name for itself by utilizing the practice of
counterprogramming, with which it often placed shows of its own against the
offerings of NBC and CBS, adopting the use of the Magnetophon tape
recorder, brought to the U.S. from Nazi Germany after its conquest, to
pre-record its programming. With the help of the Magnetophon, ABC was able
to provide its stars with greater freedom in terms of time, and also
attract several big names, such as Bing Crosby at a time when NBC and CBS
did not allow pre-taped shows.
While its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it
difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To
ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television
station licenses, one for each market where it owned and operated a radio
station (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco and Detroit).
These applications all requested for the stations to broadcast on VHF
channel 7, as Frank Marx, then ABC's vice-president of engineering, thought
that the low-band VHF frequencies (corresponding to channels 2 through 6)
would be requisitioned from broadcasting use and reallocated for the U.S.
Army.
The ABC television network made its debut on April 19, 1948, with WFIL-TV
in Philadelphia (now WPVI-TV) becoming its first primary affiliate. The
first program ever broadcast on the network was On the Corner, featuring
satirist Henry Morgan. Other stations carrying the initial broadcast were
WMAR-TV in Baltimore, WMAL-TV in Washington, D.C. and WABD, the DuMont
station in New York City, since ABC's New York station had yet to sign on.
The network's flagship owned-and-operated station, WJZ-TV in New York City
(later re-called WABC-TV), signed on the air on August 10, 1948, with its
first broadcast running for two hours that evening. ABC's other
owned-and-operated stations launched over the course of the next 13 months:
WENR-TV in Chicago signed on the air on September 17, while WXYZ-TV in
Detroit went on the air on October 9, 1948. In October 1948, as a result of
an influx of television station license applications that it had issued as
well as a study it undertook on the use of the VHF spectrum for
broadcasting purposes, the FCC implemented a freeze on new station
applications. However, KGO-TV in San Francisco, which had received its
license prior to the freeze, made its debut on May 5, 1949. On May 7, 1949,
Billboard revealed that ABC had proposed an investment of $6.25 million, of
which it would spend $2.5 million to convert 20 acres (80,937 m2) of land
in Hollywood into what would become The Prospect Studios, and construct a
transmitter on Mount Wilson, in anticipation of the launch of KECA-TV,
which was scheduled to begin operations on August 1 (but would not actually
sign on until September 16)'.
* 'In 1949, Department of Defense created, with the National Security Act
of 1947. .
- From Wikipedia: 'The Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an
executive branch department of the federal government of the United States
charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the
government concerned directly with national security and the United States
Armed Forces. The Department is also the largest employer in the world,
with 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women Adding to the total is
over 1.8 million National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services,
bringing the total to just over 3.1 million employees. It is headquartered
at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington D.C.
On 26 July 1947, Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947, which set
up a unified military command known as the National Military Establishment,
as well as creating the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security
Council, National Security Resources Board, United States Air Force
(formerly the Army Air Forces) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The act
placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single
Secretary of Defense. The National Military Establishment formally began
operations on 18 September, the day after the Senate confirmed James V.
Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. The National Military
Establishment was renamed the Department of Defense on 10 August 1949, in
an amendment to the original 1947 law'.
* 'In 1954, The Saint Lawrence Seaway is opened, making the Erie canal
obsolete for shipping and commercial use. .
- From Wikipedia: 'The Saint Lawrence Seaway is a system of locks, canals
and channels in Canada and the United States that permit ocean-going
vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, as far inland
as the western end of Lake Superior. The Seaway is named for the Saint
Lawrence River, which flows from Lake Ontario to the Atlantic Ocean.
Legally, the Seaway extends from Montreal, Quebec, to Lake Erie and
includes the Welland Canal.
This section upstream of the Seaway is not a continuous canal rather, it
consists of several stretches of navigable channels within the river, a
number of locks, and canals along the banks of the St. Lawrence River to
bypass several rapids and dams along the way. A number of the locks are
managed by the Saint Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation in Canada, and
others in the United States by the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development
Corporation the two bodies together advertise the Seaway as part of Highway
H2O The section of the river downstream of Montreal, which is fully within
Canadian jurisdiction, is regulated by the offices of Transport Canada in
the Port of Quebec.
The International Joint Commission issued an order of approval for joint
construction of the dam in October 1952. U.S. Senate debate on the bill
began on January 12, 1953, and the bill emerged from the House of
Representatives Committee of Public Works on February 22, 1954. It received
approval by the Senate and the House by May 1954. The first positive action
to enlarge the seaway was taken on May 13, 1954 when U.S. President Dwight
D. Eisenhower signed the Wiley-Dondero Seaway Act to authorize joint
construction and to establish the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development
Corporation as the US authority. The need for cheap haulage of Quebec -
Labrador iron ore was one of the arguments that finally swung the balance
in favor of the seaway. Ground-breaking ceremonies took place in Massena,
New York, on August 10, 1954. That year John C. Beukema was appointed by
Eisenhower to the five-member St. Lawrence Seaway Advisory Board'.
* 'In 1988, Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 and formally
apologizes for WW II Japanese detention. .
- From Wikipedia: 'The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 (Pub.L. 100–383 , title
I, August 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 904 , 50a U.S.C. § 1989b et seq.) is a United
States federal law that granted reparations to Japanese Americans who had
been interned by the United States government during World War II. The act
was sponsored by California's Democratic Congressman Norman Mineta, an
internee as a child, and Wyoming's Republican Senator Alan K. Simpson, who
first met Mineta while visiting an internment camp. The third co-sponsor
was California Senator Pete Wilson. The bill was supported by the majority
of Democrats in Congress, while the majority of Republicans voted against
it. The act was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan.
The act granted each surviving internee about US$20,000 in compensation
(or, $40,000 after inflation-adjustment in 2016 dollars), with payments
beginning in 1990. The legislation stated that government actions were
based on race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political
leadership as opposed to legitimate security reasons. A total of 82,219
received redress checks.
Because the law was restricted to American citizens or legal permanent
residents, the ethnic Japanese that had been taken from their homes in
Latin America (mostly from Peru) were not covered in the reparations,
regardless of whether they remained in the United States, returned to Latin
America or were deported to Japan after the war. In 1996, Carmen Mochizuki
filed a class-action lawsuit, and won a settlement of around $5,000 per
person to those eligible from what was left of the funds from the CLA. 145
of those affected were able to receive the $5,000 settlement before the
funds ran out. In 1999, funds were approved for the attorney general to pay
out to the rest of the claimants'.
* 'In 1990, Launched by NASA the previous year, the Magellan space probe
reaches Venus .
- From Wikipedia: 'The Magellan spacecraft, also referred to as the Venus
Radar Mapper, was a 1,035-kilogram (2,282 lb) robotic space probe launched
by NASA on May 4, 1989, to map the surface of Venus by using synthetic
aperture radar and to measure the planetary gravitational field.
The Magellan probe was the first interplanetary mission to be launched from
the Space Shuttle, the first one to use the Inertial Upper Stage booster
for launching, and the first spacecraft to test aerobraking as a method for
circularizing its orbit. Magellan was the fourth successful NASA mission to
Venus, and it ended an eleven-year gap in U.S. interplanetary probe
launches.
Study of the Magellan high-resolution global images is providing evidence
to better understand Venusian geology and the role of impacts, volcanism,
and tectonics in the formation of Venusian surface structures.
On September 9, 1994, a press release outlined the termination of the
Magellan mission. Due to the degradation of the power output from the solar
arrays and onboard components, and having completed all objectives
successfully, the mission was to end in mid-October. The termination
sequence began in late August 1994, with a series of orbital trim maneuvers
which lowered the spacecraft into the outermost layers of the Venusian
atmosphere to allow the Windmill experiment to begin on September 6, 1994.
The experiment lasted for two weeks and was followed by subsequent orbital
trim maneuvers, further lowering the altitude of the spacecraft for the
final termination phase'.
* 'In 2003, Yuri Malenchenko becomes first person who was married in space,
while their spouse was on Earth (in Texas) .
- From Wikipedia: 'Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko born December 22, 1961) is a
Russian cosmonaut. Malenchenko became the first person to marry in space,
on 10 August 2003, when he married Ekaterina Dmitrieva, who was in Texas,
while he was 240 miles over New Zealand, on the International Space
Station. As of June 2016, Malenchenko ranks second for career time in space
due to his time on both Mir and the International Space Station (ISS)'.
No. 1 song
Top movie
Monthly holiday / awareness days in August
Food
National Catfish Month
National Goat Cheese Month
Rye Month
Health
Children's Eye Health and Safety Month
Children's Vision and Learning Month
National Breastfeeding Month
National Immunization Awareness Month
National Minority Donor Awareness Month
National Spinal Muscular Atrophy Awareness Month
Neurosurgery Outreach Month
Psoriasis Awareness Month
Animal / Pets
Other
American Adventures Month
American Artists Appreciation Month
American Indian Heritage Month
American History Essay Contest
Black Business Month
Boomers Making A Difference Month
Bystander Awareness Month
Child Support Awareness Month
Get Ready for Kindergarten Month
Happiness Happens Month
Motor Sports Awareness Month
National Read A Romance Month
National Traffic Awareness Month
National Truancy Prevention Month
National Water Quality Month
Shop Online For Groceries Month
What Will Be Your Legacy Month
XXXI Summer Olympics: 5-21
August is:
August origin (from Wikipedia): Originally named Sextili (Latin), because it was the sixth month in the original ten-month Roman calendar: under Romulus in 753 BC, when March was the first month of the year.
"About 700 BC it became the eighth month when January and February were added to the year before March by King Numa Pompilius, who also gave it 29 days. Julius Caesar added two days when he created the Julian calendar in 45 BC giving it its modern length of 31 days. In 8 BC it was renamed in honor of Augustus
According to a Senatus consultum quoted by Macrobius, he chose this month because it was the time of several of his great triumphs, including the conquest of Egypt.
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August at Wikipedia: More
If you couldn't afford 90 cents for a movie ticket, 50 years ago,
or your 45 RPM record player was broke, you might watch one of these shows on TV.
From this Wikipedia article: More
Best selling books of 1966 More
Sites for downloading or reading free Public Domain eBooks. Available in various formats. More